Problem Description

Given n, find the value of

Note: ⊕ denotes bitwise exclusive-or.

Input

The input consists of several tests. For each tests:

A single integer n (2≤n<10⁵⁰⁰).

Output

For each tests:

A single integer, the value of the sum.

3
4

6
4

Author

Xiaoxu Guo (ftiasch)